Bishop, S. C. 1941. The Salamanders of New York. New York State Museum Bulletin, 324, pp.1-365, figs.1-66.
Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 41pp.
Conant, R. and J. T. Collins 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3 rd. Ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 450 pp.
Heyer, W. R. 1994. Measuring and monitoring biological diversity. Standard methods for amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, 364 pp.
Schmidt, K. P. 1938. Herpetological evidence for the postglacial eastward extension of the steppe in North America. Ecology 19:396-407.
Schmieder, R. 1996. The North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP). http://www.im.mbs.gov/amphibs.html.